Core Rules

Before you learn how to move your warriors across the battlefield and attack the enemy in deadly firefights and bloody close combat, this section introduces some core concepts that underpin every Warhammer 40,000 battle.

01.01 Armies

Each player in a game of Warhammer 40,000 commands an army made up of units of models. You control all of the models in your army. If a rule refers to the ‘controlling player’, it is referring to the player who controls the models being affected by that rule.

01.02 Units and Models

• Friendly units and models are those in your army.
• Enemy units and models are those in your opponent’s army.

01.03 Active Player and Opposing Player

• Each time a unit is selected to move, that unit’s controlling player is the active player until that move ends.
• Each time a unit is selected to shoot or selected to fight, that unit’s controlling player is the active player until those attacks are resolved.

01.04 Measuring Distances

Distances in Warhammer 40,000 are measured in inches ("). You can measure distances whenever you want to.

When a rule refers to a model’s position in relation to anything else on the battlefield, unless otherwise stated, measure to or from the closest part of that model’s base.

01.05 Dice

• 2+, 3+, and so on: 2+ means a result of 2 or more, 3+ means a result of 3 or more, and so on.
• 1-3, 4-6, and so on: Any result within the specified range will interact with the rule stated.
• 2D6, 3D6, and so on: Roll the stated number of D6 and add the individual values together (e.g. to roll 2D6, roll two D6 and add the values together).
• D3: Roll one D6 and halve the result (rounding up).
• D6+1, 2D6+3, and so on: Roll the stated number of dice and add the stated value to the result.

01.06 Leadership Rolls

To make a leadership roll for a unit, its controlling player rolls 2D6: if the result is equal to or greater than one or more of the Ld characteristics in that unit, that roll succeeds. Otherwise, that roll fails. The rule that instructed you to make that leadership roll will describe the effects of that roll succeeding or failing.

01.07 Battle-shock Rolls

• If that roll succeeds, that unit does not become battle-shocked.
• If that roll fails, that unit, and each model in it, is battle-shocked.

• The Objective Control (OC) characteristic of all of its models is modified to ‘-’ (02.02).
• Its controlling player cannot target that unit with stratagems (15).
• It is not eligible to start an action (16), and any action it has started cannot be completed.

Each unit has a datasheet that explains how it functions in battle. Here you will learn how to use datasheets when preparing your army and playing games.

02.01 Datasheet Name

Here you will find the name of the unit.

02.02 Profiles

These contain the following characteristics that tell you how mighty the models in the unit are:

Move (M): The speed at which a model traverses the battlefield. If a model has an M characteristic of ‘-’, it can be set up on the battlefield but otherwise cannot be moved.

Toughness (T): The model’s resilience against harm.

Save (Sv): Presented as a dice result (e.g. 4+), this indicates the protection a model’s armour gives it.

Invulnerable Save (InSv): Presented as a dice result (e.g. 4+). Some models are protected by esoteric means in addition to physical armour, such as force fields or preternatural reflexes. Not all models have an InSv characteristic, but if they do, it will be listed here.

Wounds (W): Wounds represent how much damage a model can sustain before it is destroyed. If a model’s wounds are reduced to 0 or fewer, that model is destroyed.

Leadership (Ld): Presented as a dice result (e.g. 7+), this reveals how courageous, determined or self‑controlled a model is.

Objective Control (OC): How effectively a model can control an objective on the battlefield. If a model has an OC characteristic of ‘-’ it is unable to control objectives at all.

02.03 Abilities

Many units have abilities that may apply during the game. These will be described here.

02.04 Weapons

Weapons have the following characteristics:

Range (R): How far ranged weapons can shoot. Weapons with an Rcharacteristic of ‘Melee’ are melee weapons.

Attacks (A): How many attack dice are used each time that weapon is used.

Ballistic Skill (BS): Presented as a dice result (e.g. 4+), this shows how accurate the bearer is when shooting with the relevant ranged weapon.

Weapon Skill (WS): Presented as a dice result (e.g. 4+), this reflects the bearer’s skill in wielding the relevant melee weapon.

Strength (S): The higher a weapon’s S characteristic, the more likely it is to wound a foe.

Armour Penetration (AP): Presented as a modifier to a dice roll (e.g. -1). The larger the modifier, the better the weapon is at cutting through the target’s defences.

Damage (D): The amount of damage inflicted by an attack.

02.05 Keywords

Datasheets have a list of keywords, separated into faction keywords and other keywords. The former are used when deciding which models to include in your army, but otherwise both are functionally the same. Keywords appear in full capitals, in KEYWORD BOLD.

02.06 Unit Composition And Other Rules

This section details the number and types of models in the unit. Each of those models will have one set of default wargear, which will be listed here. It may also list other rules, such as which units a leader unit can join or which units can embark within a TRANSPORT.

02.07 Wargear options

Some datasheets have a list of wargear options. When you include such a unit in your army, you can use these options to alter the weapons and other wargear its models have.

During a battle, you will move your models by picking them up and changing their position on the battlefield. The principles of movement are explained here.

03.01 Moving Units

• It can be moved through friendly models.
• It can be moved through any space its base can fit through.
• Its base cannot be moved through enemy models.
• Its base cannot cross the edge of the battlefield.
• All stated ‘While Moving’ conditions must be met.

• If that unit is on the battlefield, it is in coherency (03.03).
• No models in that unit are on another model or partway through a surface of a terrain feature (e.g. a wall or ceiling).
• All stated ‘After Moving’ conditions are met.

Moving in a straight line

Both models shown here can move a maximum distance of 6". They both move 3" in a straight line, then 3" in another straight line, for a total movement of 6".

Rotating

1. This model can move a maximum distance of 12". It moves in a series of straight lines and rotations, as follows:

A) Moves 6" in a straight line

B) Rotates

C) Moves 6" in a straight line

D) Rotates

This model has moved a total of 12".

2. Models without a base are rotated around their central axis (see Frame, 17.02).

03.02 Set Up

• That unit is in coherency (03.03).
• That unit is unengaged (03.04).
• All other requirements and restrictions are met.

03.03 Coherency

• Within 2" horizontally and 5" vertically of at least one other model in that unit.
• Within 9" horizontally and 5" vertically of every other modelin that unit.

03.04 Engagement

• While a friendly model is within engagement range of one or more enemy models, those models – and the units they belong to – are engaged with each other.
• While a unit contains no engaged models, that unit is unengaged.

Coherency

Every model in this unit is within 2" of at least one other model in its unit, and every model is within 9" of every other model in its unit. This unit is therefore in coherency.

Engagement

These two units have at least one model within 2" of the opposing unit, and are therefore engaged with each other.

During the battle, your units will shoot at and fight the enemy, making attacks with their weapons each time they do so. This section explains how to make attacks with your models.

Each time a unit shoots or fights, the active player follows these steps:

1. SELECT WEAPONS (04.01)
2. SELECT TARGETS (04.02)
3. RESOLVE ATTACKS (04.03)

04.01 Select Weapons

For each model in the attacking unit, select which weapons that model will make attacks with. Models make ranged attacks with ranged weapons, and make melee attacks with melee weapons.

WHILE SHOOTING

You can select one or more ranged weapons that model has.

WHILE FIGHTING

You must select one melee weapon that model has.

04.02 Select Targets

• Visible to the model that has that weapon (06.01).
• Within range of that weapon.
• Unengaged.

• Each target must be engaged with the model that has that weapon.
• You cannot select more targets than that weapon’s A characteristic.

04.02.01 - Selecting Targets

When shooting or fighting, you can select different targets for each weapon. If you cannot select a target for a weapon, or if you choose not to select a target for a ranged weapon, the model with that weapon will not make attacks with it.

04.02.02 - Against An Attack

Rules that are triggered 'against' certain attacks are triggered after the attacking unit has completed the Select Targets step (04.02), provided all other qualifiers are met (e.g. concerning the characteristics of the attacking unit or its weapons).

Rules that are triggered when an attack is 'allocated' to a unit are triggered in step 1 of the Inflict Damage step (05.04).

04.02.03 - Single Target

When a model or unit attacks with one or more weapons, if all of the attacks made with those weapons target the same unit, that model or unit is said to be shooting at, fighting or targeting a single target.

04.03 Resolve Attacks

• If there are any weapons targeting the same unit that have not yet been used to make attacks, return to the Gather Attack Dice step.
• Otherwise, if there are any weapons with unresolved attacks targeting a different unit, return to the Select Enemy Unit step.
• Otherwise, if all weapons have been used to make all of their attacks, this sequence ends and the attacking unit’s attacks have been resolved.

Whenever models make attacks, you will follow the sequence detailed in this section to find out if they inflict damage.

Each time the active player is instructed to resolve the attack sequence, they follow the steps below. In each step, if there is more than one dice to roll, make all of those rolls simultaneously.

1. HIT ROLLS
2. WOUND ROLLS
3. SAVE ROLLS
4. INFLICT DAMAGE

If an attack fails or inflicts damage, this sequence ends for that attack. When all attacks have either failed or inflicted damage, this sequence ends and those attacks have been resolved.

05.01 Hit Rolls

05.02 Wound Rolls

05.03 Save Rolls

• One group for each CHARACTER model.
• One group for all other models with the same W, Sv and InSv characteristics.

• If a non-CHARACTER group contains a model that has lost one or more wounds, that group must be first in the allocation order.
• No CHARACTER group can be earlier in the allocation order than a non-CHARACTER group.
• CHARACTER groups containing a model that has lost one or more wounds must be earlier in the allocation order than CHARACTER groups containing no wounded models.

05.04 Inflict Damage

Making Attacks

1. Select Weapons

The RED unit is attacking. The following weapons are selected to make attacks with:

2 boltguns (A)

2 bolt pistols (B)

1 heavy bolter (C)

2. Select Targets

The BLUE unit is selected as the target. The unit is visible to all models in the attacking unit. All of the selected weapons are in range, with the exception of one bolt pistol. As a result, that weapon will not make any attacks.

3. Resolve Attacks

There is only one enemy unit being targeted, so the controlling player now gathers attack dice:

• Five attack dice are gathered for the boltguns and bolt pistol, which have A characteristics of 2 and 1 respectively and all make identical attacks.

• Three attack dice are gathered for the heavy bolter, which has an A characteristic of 3 but does not make identical attacks.

Resolving attack dice

1. Hit rolls

The controlling player chooses to make the five hit rolls for the boltguns (A) and bolt pistol (B) first. The BS characteristic of the weapons is 3+. Four of the attacks hit the target.

2. Wound rolls

The controlling player makes four wound rolls. The weapons have an S characteristic of 4 and the target unit has a T characteristic of 3, so rolls of 3+ are required to wound. Three of the attacks wound the target.

3. Save rolls

The target unit’s controlling player makes three save rolls.

4. inflict damage

• The lowest result is less than both the InSv and Sv characteristics of the target, so that attack inflicts damage. This reduces the model to which that attack was allocated to 0 wounds, which destroys it.

• The next lowest result is less than the target’s InSv characteristic, but greater than its Sv characteristic of 3+; that attack fails.

• The other result is greater than the target’s InSv characteristic of 5+; that attack also fails.

Resolving other Attacks

1. Hit rolls

The controlling player then makes three hit rolls for the heavy bolter (C). The BS characteristic of the weapon is 4+. Two of the attacks hit the target.

2. Wound rolls

The controlling player makes two wound rolls. The weapon has an S characteristic of 5, so rolls of 3+ are required to wound. Both attacks wound the target.

3. Save rolls

The target unit’s controlling player makes two save rolls.

4. inflict damage

• The lowest result, when modified by the attacking weapon’s AP characteristic of -1, is less than the target’s Sv characteristic of 3+, so that attack inflicts damage. This reduces the model to which that attack was allocated to 0 wounds, which destroys it.

• The other result is equal to the target’s InSv characteristic of 5+; that attack fails.

Attacking attached Units

1. Select Weapons
The RED unit is attacking. The following weapons are selected to make attacks with:
7 boltguns (A)
1 plasma pistol (B)
2 heavy bolters (C)
2. Select Targets
The BLUE unit is selected as the target. It is an attached unit (19) formed from a Seraphim unit and Saint Celestine (with her two Geminae Superia). The unit is visible to all models in the attacking unit, and all of the selected weapons are in range.
3. resolve attacks
There is only one enemy unit being targeted, so the controlling player now gathers attack dice. They decide to resolve the heavy bolter attacks first, which each have an A characteristic of 3, so six attack dice are gathered.
The attack dice for the remaining weapons will be gathered once the heavy bolter attacks are resolved (see opposite), as follows:
• 14 attack dice for the boltguns, which each have an A characteristic of 2.
• One attack dice for the plasma pistol, which has an A characteristic of 1.

Allocation groups

1. Create groups and Declare Order
The target unit’s controlling player divides it into groups: one containing Saint Celestine, one containing the Geminae Superia, and one containing the Seraphim. They then declare the allocation order, choosing the Geminae Superia first (E), hoping their better Sv and InSv characteristics will weather the attacks. The Seraphim must be chosen second (D), as Saint Celestine is a Character model so must be last in the order (F).
2. resolve attack dice
The heavy bolters’ attacks wound the target five times, so the target unit’s controlling player makes five save rolls.
The attacks are resolved one at a time, from lowest save rolls to highest:
• The two results of 1 are allocated first, to the current allocation group (the Geminae Superia). They both inflict damage, and both Geminae Superia are destroyed.
• The result of 3 is now allocated to the Seraphim, who have become the current allocation group. When modified by the attacking weapon’s AP characteristic of -1, this also inflicts damage, destroying one Seraphim model.
• The remaining attacks fail, so no further damage is inflicted.
3. Select next group of attack dice and repeat

This section contains some additional rules concepts that are most frequently used while making attacks.

06.01 Visibility

Line of sight is used to determine visibility between models. For an observing model to have line of sight, it must be possible to draw an imaginary straight line, 1 mm wide, from any part of that model to any part of the model being observed. This line is the line of sight. While doing so, other models in the observing model’s unit and in the observed model’s unit are ignored. Other models and units can be either visible or fully visible to the observing model, as shown in the example. Note that terrain applies additional rules to visibility (13.07).

Model Visible

If any part of another model is visible to the observing model, that model is visible.

Model Fully Visible

If every part of another model that is facing the observing model is visible to the observing model (so the only thing blocking visibility to any part of that other model is that model itself), that model is fully visible.

Unit Visible

If one or more models in a unit are visible to the observing model, that unit is visible.

Unit Fully Visible

If every model in a unit is fully visible to the observing model, that unit is fully visible. When determining this, the observing model can see through other models in that unit.

06.02 Mortal Wounds

• If a non‑CHARACTER model in that unit has lost one or more wounds, you must select that model.
• Otherwise, if that unit contains one or more non‑CHARACTER models, you must select one of those models.
• Otherwise, if one or more CHARACTER models in that unit have lost one or more wounds, you must select one of those models.
• Otherwise, you must select one CHARACTER model in that unit.

06.03 Hazard Rolls

• 1 mortal wound (06.02)
• Or 3 mortal wounds instead if each model in that unit is a MONSTER/VEHICLE model.

Games of Warhammer 40,000 are played in a series of battle rounds. This section describes the structure of the battle round, defining the order in which players take turns to move their units and make attacks with them.

Each battle round is resolved by following these steps:

1. START OF BATTLE ROUND
2. PLAYER TURNS
3. END OF BATTLE ROUND

07.01 Start Of Battle Round

At the start of the battle round, players resolve rules that are triggered at the start of the battle round, before progressing to player turns.

07.02 Player Turns

Both players now take one turn each. The same player always takes the first turn in each battle round – the mission you are playing will tell you which player this is. Once that player’s turn has ended, their opponent takes their turn.

Each turn consists of seven parts: first the Start of Turn step, then a series of five phases resolved in the order shown below, then the End of Turn step.

1. Start of Turn Step: Rules that are triggered at the start of a turn are resolved now.

2. Command Phase: You marshal strategic resources and check your units’ morale.

3. Movement Phase: Your units move across the battlefield and strategic reserves arrive.

4. Shooting Phase: Your units make attacks with their ranged weapons.

5. Charge Phase: Your units make charge moves to engage the enemy.

6. Fight Phase: Both player's units make attacks with their melee weapons.

7. End of Turn Step: Rules that are triggered at the end of a turn are resolved now, in the following order:

1. First resolve rules triggered at this point other than mission rules.
2. Both players then consult their mission; if one or both players have achieved any aspects of their mission that are triggered at this point, resolve them now.

07.03 End Of Battle Round

Rules that are triggered at the end of the battle round are resolved now, in the following order:

1. First resolve rules triggered at this point other than mission rules.

2. Both players then consult their mission; if one or both players have achieved any aspects of their mission that are triggered at this point, resolve them now.

The battle round then ends and, unless the battle ends, the next battle round starts. The mission you are playing will tell you how many battle rounds to resolve before the battle ends.

In the Command phase, both players gain Core CP, then you check the combat readiness of your forces and use any strategic-level abilities you may have.

The Command phase is resolved by following these steps:

1. START OF COMMAND PHASE
2. GAIN CORE CP
3. BATTLE-SHOCK
4. COMMAND ABILITIES
5. END OF COMMAND PHASE

08.01 Start of Command Phase

Rules that are triggered at the start of the Command phase are resolved now.

08.02 Gain Core CP

Both players gain 1 Command Point (CP).

08.03 Battle-Shock Step

• That unit is currently battle-shocked.
• That unit is at, or below, half‑strength.

Battle-shock Examples

This unit has a starting strength of 3 so is not at or below half-strength, but it is currently battle-shocked, so a battle-shock roll must be made for it. If that roll succeeds, the unit will no longer be battle-shocked.

This unit has a starting strength of 10. It has five models remaining, so it is at half-strength and a battle-shock roll must be made for it.

This unit has a starting strength of 5. It has two models remaining, so it is below half-strength and a battle-shock roll must be made for it.

This Vehicle has a starting strength of 1 and a W characteristic of 11. It has 3 wounds remaining, so it is below half-strength and a battle-shock roll must be made for it.

08.04 Command Abilities

Rules that are triggered in the Command phase (excluding those that are triggered at the start or end of this phase, when gaining Core CP, or by battle-shock rolls) are resolved now.

08.05 End of Command Phase

Rules that are triggered at the end of the Command phase are resolved now, in the following order:

1. First resolve rules triggered at this point other than mission rules.

2. Both players then consult their mission; if one or both players have achieved any aspects of their mission that are triggered at this point, resolve them now.

In the Movement phase, you will be able to move each of your units across the battlefield. Reinforcements can also arrive in this phase to bolster your forces.

The Movement phase is resolved by following these steps:

1. START OF MOVEMENT PHASE
2. MOVE UNITS
3. END OF MOVEMENT PHASE

09.01 Start Of Movement Phase

Rules that are triggered at the start of the Movement phase are resolved now.

09.02 Move Units Step

The active player moves their units one at a time, using the sequence below, until all of their units have been selected to move and those moves have ended.

1. Select Unit: Select one friendly unit that has not been selected to move this phase. You can select a unit on the battlefield, in strategic reserves, or embarked within a TRANSPORT. That unit is selected to move.

2. Select Move Type: Select one move type that unit is eligible to make, and resolve it with that unit. This can be one listed below, or one presented elsewhere:
▫ Remain stationary (09.04)
▫ Normal move (09.05)
▫ Advance move (09.06)
▫ Fall-back move (09.07)
▫ Disembark move (18.04)
▫ Ingress move (20.04)

09.03 End Of Movement Phase

Rules that are triggered at the end of the Movement phase are resolved now.

09.04 Remain Stationary

Maximum Distance

'-'

Eligible If

Any unit.

Effect

No models are moved (either in straight lines or rotated). Units that remain stationary do not trigger any rules that are triggered when a unit starts or ends a move.

09.05 Normal Move

Maximum Distance

Your unit’s M characteristic.

Eligible If

Your unit is on the battlefield and unengaged.

Effect

Your unit moves as described in Moving (03).

After Moving

Your unit must be unengaged.

09.05.01 More Than One Normal Move in a Phase.

A unit cannot make more than one Normal Move in a phase.

09.06 Advance Move

Maximum Distance

Advance roll + your unit’s M characteristic.

Eligible If

Your unit is on the battlefield and unengaged.

Effect

Your unit moves as described in Moving (03).

Before Moving

Make an advance roll by rolling one D6.

After Moving

• Your unit must be unengaged.
• Until the end of the turn, unless otherwise stated, your unit is not eligible to declare a charge or start an action.

09.07 Fall-Back Move

Maximum Distance

Your unit’s M characteristic.

Eligible If

Your unit is engaged.

Effect

Your unit moves as described in Moving (03).

Before Moving

• Ordered Retreat: If your unit is not battle-shocked, you can select this mode.
• Desperate Escape: Otherwise, you must select this mode. Make a hazard roll for each model in your unit (06.03).

While Moving

• Desperate Escape: Each model that is moved can be moved through enemy models.

After Moving

• Your unit must be unengaged.
• Until the end of the turn, unless otherwise stated, your unit is not eligible to shoot, declare a charge or start an action.
• Desperate Escape: If your unit is not battle-shocked, you must make a battle-shock roll for your unit (01.07).

09.07.01 Desperate Escape Test

Some rules may reference the term 'Desperate Escape test'. In all instances this means the hazard rolls made for the desperate escape mode of a fall-back move.

Abilities that subtract from a unit's Desperate Escape test instead subtract from those hazard rolls.

Example: A battle-shocked unit makes a fall-back move away from a unit of Bloodletters that have the Bane of Cowards ability. As a result of Bane of Cowards, because the unit making the fall-back move is battle-shocked, the hazard rolls they make as part of their desperate escape will be at -1.

09.07.01 Desperate Escape

If a stratagem or ability forces a unit to make a Desperate Escape test, that unit:

- Must make one hazard roll for each model in that unit.
- Must make a battle-shock roll.

In the Shooting phase, your units will take aim and use their ranged weapons to fire at their chosen targets.

The Shooting phase is resolved by following these steps:

1. START OF SHOOTING PHASE
2. SHOOT
3. END OF SHOOTING PHASE

10.01 Start Of Shooting Phase

Rules that are triggered at the start of the Shooting phase are resolved now.

10.02 Shoot Step

The active player shoots with their eligible units one at a time, using the sequence below, until all the units they choose to shoot with have been selected to shoot and their attacks have been resolved.

A unit is eligible to shoot if it is on the battlefield and has not already been selected to shoot this phase.

1. Select Unit: Select one friendly unit that is eligible to shoot; that unit is selected to shoot.

2. Select Shooting Type: Select one shooting type that unit is eligible to make, and resolve it with that unit. This can be one listed below, or one presented elsewhere:
▫ Normal shooting (10.04)
▫ Assault shooting(10.05)
▫ Close‑quarters shooting (10.06)
▫ Indirect shooting (10.07)

10.03 End of Shooting Phase

Rules that are triggered at the end of the Shooting phase are resolved now.

10.04 Normal Shooting

Eligible If

Your unit is unengaged and did not make an advance move this turn.

Effect

Your unit shoots as described in Making Attacks (04).

After Shooting

Until the end of the phase, your unit is not eligible to start an action.

10.05 Assault Shooting

Eligible If

• Unengaged and made an advance move this turn.
• Has one or more [ASSAULT] weapons.

Effect

Your unit shoots as described in Making Attacks (04).

While Shooting

You can only select [ASSAULT] weapons to make attacks with.

After Shooting

Until the end of the phase, your unit is not eligible to start an action.

10.06 Close-Quarters Shooting

Eligible If

• Engaged and did not make an advance move this turn.
• Has one or more [CLOSE‑QUARTERS] weapons or is a MONSTER/VEHICLE unit.

Effect

Your unit shoots as described in Making Attacks (04).

While Shooting

• MONSTER/VEHICLE Models: Each time a MONSTER/VEHICLE model in your unit makes an attack:
• Unless that attack is made with a [CLOSE‑QUARTERS] weapon and targets a unit your unit is engaged with, subtract 1 from the hit roll.
• If that attack is made with a [BLAST] weapon, it still cannot target a unit your unit is engaged with.
• Non‑MONSTER/Non‑VEHICLEModels: You can only select [CLOSE‑QUARTERS] weapons to make attacks with and you can only select enemy units that are engaged with your unit as targets

After Shooting

Until the end of the phase, your unit is not eligible to start an action.

10.07 Indirect Shooting

Eligible If

• Unengaged and did not make an advance move this turn.
• Has one or more [INDIRECT FIRE] weapons.

Effect

Your unit shoots as described in Making Attacks (04).

While Shooting

• [INDIRECT FIRE] weapons in your unit can target units that are not visible to the attacking model.
• Each time an [INDIRECT FIRE] weapon makes an attack:
• The target has the benefit of cover against that attack (13.08).
• You cannot re‑roll hit rolls.
• An unmodified hit roll of 1‑5 fails, unless your unit remained stationary this turn and the target is visible to one or more friendly units, in which case an unmodified hit roll of 1‑3 fails instead.

After Shooting

Until the end of the phase, your unit is not eligible to start an action.

In the Charge phase, you will be able to make charge moves with your units. This represents your forces closing the distance with their foes in order to engage them in bloody close combat.

The Charge phase is resolved by following these steps:

1. START OF CHARGE PHASE
2. CHARGE
3. END OF CHARGE PHASE

11.01 Start Of Charge Phase

Rules that are triggered at the start of the Charge phase are resolved now.

11.02 Charge Step

• It is not within 12" of one or more enemy units.
• It is engaged.
• It made an advance or fall-back move this turn.

Making a charge move

The BLUE unit (A) declares a charge and the charge roll generates a maximum distance of 7". Unit B is within this distance, so can be selected as a charge target, but the BLUE unit would not be able to end its charge move engaged with this unit after moving around the intervening terrain features.

Unit C is more than 7" from the charging unit, so it cannot be selected as a charge target, even though the charging unit could end its charge move within 2" of this unit.

Units D and E are both within 7", so can be selected as charge targets. The charging unit can end its charge move engaged with all of its charge targets, so this move can be made.

11.03 End Of Charge Phase

Rules that are triggered at the end of the Charge phase are resolved now.

11.04 Charge Move

Maximum Distance

Charge roll.

Eligible If

Your unit declared a charge this phase.

Effect

Your unit moves as described in Moving (03).

Before Moving

Select one or more enemy units that are within 12" of your unit and within the maximum distance of your unit; until the end of this move, each of those enemy units is a charge target.

While Moving

• Each model must end its move closer to one or more charge targets.
• Each model that can end its move within 1" of one or more charge targets must do so.
• Each model that can end its move engaged with one or more charge targets must do so.

After Moving

• Your unit must be engaged with all of the charge targets.
• Your unit cannot be engaged with one or more enemy units that are not charge targets.
• Until the end of the turn, each model in your unit has the Fights First ability (24.13).

In the Fight phase, both players get to act. First, units will pile in to maximise the number of models that are engaged, then all the combatants will make melee attacks, before units consolidate their position.

The Fight phase is resolved by following these steps:

1. START OF FIGHT PHASE
2. PILE IN
3. FIGHT
4. CONSOLIDATE
5. END OF FIGHT PHASE

12.01 Start Of Fight Phase

Rules that are triggered at the start of the Fight phase are resolved now.

Start of Fight Phase

Because both RED units made charge moves this turn, they are both Fights First units this phase and are both eligible to make pile-in moves, even though the Monster is unengaged as it destroyed its charge target in the Charge phase using the Crushing Impact stratagem (15.06).

12.02 Pile In Step

Both players make pile-in moves (12.03) with all of their eligible units they choose to move. The ‘Eligible If’ section describes which units are eligible to make such moves. The player whose turn it is resolves all of their moves first, followed by their opponent. Each unit cannot make more than one pile-in move during this step.

Pile-in moves

1. The RED player makes pile-in moves first. Each model moves up to 3”.

2. The BLUE player makes pile-in moves next, but as their model is in base-contact with enemy models, it is not moved.

12.03 Pile-In Move

Maximum Distance

3"

Eligible If

• It is engaged.
• It made a charge move this turn.
• It was selected to make an overrun fight this phase (12.06).

Effect

Your unit moves as described in Moving (03).

Before Moving

• If your unit is engaged, select every enemy unit it is engaged with.
• Otherwise, select one or more enemy units within 5" of your unit.

While Moving

• Models in base‑contact with one or more enemy models cannot be moved.
• Each model that is moved must end its move closer to the closest pile-in target, and engaged with it if possible.

After Moving

• Your unit must be engaged.
• Each model that started this move engaged with an enemy unit must still be engaged with that enemy unit.

12.04 Fight Step

• It is engaged, or it was engaged at the start of this step.
• It made a charge move this turn.

• If there are no Fights First units that are eligible to fight, move to the Resolve Remaining Combats step where this player will select their next unit.
• Otherwise, the other player selects their next unit.

• If there are no units that are eligible to fight, the Fight step ends.
• Otherwise, the other player selects their next unit.

Normal Fight

Players alternate selecting units to fight. Fights First units (A and B) must be selected before any other eligible units.

1. The RED player selects their Monster to fight. It makes a normal fight, destroying the Transport.

2. The embarked unit makes an emergency disembark move. After doing so, it is unengaged.

Overrun Fight

3. The BLUE player has no Fights First units, so the RED player selects another Fights First unit. This unit is unengaged, but was engaged with the Transport at the start of the Fight step, so can make an overrun fight. It first makes a pile-in move to engage the unit that disembarked, then fights, destroying two enemy models.

4. The BLUE player’s unit fights back, but inflicts no damage.

12.05 Normal Fight

Eligible If

Your unit is engaged.

Effect

Your unit fights as described in Making Attacks (04).

12.06 Overrun Fight

Eligible If

Your unit is unengaged, or was unengaged at the start of the Fight step but became engaged during the Fight phase.

Effect

Your unit can make one additional pile-in move, then fights as described in Making Attacks (04).

12.07 Consolidate Step

Both players make consolidation moves (12.08) with all of their eligible units they choose to move. The ‘Eligible If’ section describes which units are eligible to make such moves. The player whose turn it is resolves all of their moves first, followed by their opponent. Each unit cannot make more than one consolidation move during this step.

Ongoing Consolidation

The RED player makes consolidation moves first. All engaged units and all units that were eligible to fight this phase can make a consolidation move.

Each model moves up to 3". Models in base-contact with enemy models cannot be moved.

Objective Consolidation

No enemy units are within 3" of this Monster unit, but an objective (C) is within 3", so it moves within range of that objective.

12.08 Consolidation Move

Maximum Distance

3"

Eligible If

It is the Fight phase and your unit was eligible to fight this phase.

Effect

Your unit moves as described in Moving (03).

Before Moving

• Ongoing Consolidation: If your unit is engaged, you must select this mode and select every enemy unit it is engaged with.
• Engaging Consolidation: Otherwise, if your unit is within 3" of one or more enemy units, you must select this mode and select one or more of those enemy units.
• Objective Consolidation: Otherwise, if your unit is within 3" of one or more objectives, you must select this mode and select one of those objectives.

While Moving

• Ongoing Consolidation: Models in base‑contact with one or more enemy models cannot be moved. Each model that is moved must end its move closer to the closest selected enemy unit, and engaged with it if possible.
• Engaging Consolidation: Each model that is moved must end its move closer to the closest selected enemy unit, and engaged with it if possible.
• Objective Consolidation: Each model that is moved must end its move within range of the selected objective if possible, or closer to it if not.

After Moving

• Ongoing Consolidation: Each model that started this move engaged with an enemy unit must still be engaged with that enemy unit.
• Engaging Consolidation: Your unit must be engaged with all of the selected enemy units. If one or more enemy units engaged with your unit have not been selected to fight this phase, your opponent must select each of those units, one at a time; when each is selected, it becomes eligible to fight and is selected to fight (12.04).
• Objective Consolidation: Your unit must be unengaged and within range of the selected objective.

12.09 End Of Fight Phase

Rules that are triggered at the end of the Fight phase are resolved now.

This section provides rules for using terrain to transform your gaming table into an interactive, thematic battlefield. These rules help to bring your battlefield to life and introduce a vital tactical dimension to your games.

13.01 Placing Terrain

• Place a well‑defined boundary (such as a base or mat) in each location you want to furnish with terrain, then place one or more terrain features wholly within that boundary.
• Place one terrain feature directly on the battlefield.
• Place two or more terrain features directly on the battlefield in such a way that together they define the boundary of an area.

13.02 Terrain Categories

Each terrain feature belongs to a terrain category, which can affect the movement and visibility of models. Below are some examples of which types of terrain features fall under each category.

A mission’s deployment map may define which terrain categories should be present within each terrain area. Meeting these requirements will create the best gaming experience. Note that terrain features sharing the same terrain area can belong to different terrain categories.

Terrain Placed on a Mat

Two terrain features have been placed on a mat. The edges of this mat define the boundary of this terrain area (A). Both terrain features (B) are ruins, so use the rules for dense terrain features.

Terrain Placed on a Battlefield

Three terrain features have been placed directly on the battlefield. The players have agreed on the boundary of the terrain area (A) defined by these features (the shaded rectangle). The BLUE features (B) are dense terrain features and the RED feature (C) is a light terrain feature.

13.03 Exposed Terrain

Exposed terrain offers only scant protection to the most desperate troops, and can be traversed without hindrance.
Examples: Craters, razorwire, scattered debris.

13.04 Light Terrain

Light terrain can provide cover from incoming attacks, but will not slow an enemy’s advance or offer lasting defence.
Examples: Barricades, low walls, statuary.

13.05 Dense Terrain

Dense terrain is an obstacle to even the largest war machines, and can shelter entire squads from enemy sight.
Examples: Buildings, ruins, armoured containers, woods.

13.06 Terrain And Movement

• Exposed/Light: All models can move horizontally and vertically through exposed and light terrain features.
• Dense:
• INFANTRY/BEASTS/SWARM/MOBILE models can move horizontally through dense terrain features.
• INFANTRY/BEASTS/SWARM models can move vertically through dense terrain features.
• Other models can move horizontally through dense terrain features provided that all sections of that terrain feature that the moving model’s base would move through are 2" or less in height. Otherwise, the moving model must move vertically to ascend or descend such sections. They cannot move through ceilings and floors while doing so, and they cannot end that move on any surface of that terrain feature that is not on ground level (see below).

• That model must remain within ½" horizontally of that terrain feature.
• Add the distance moved vertically up, and the distance moved vertically down, to any other distance that model has moved since its unit began that move.

• That model has one or more of the following keywords: INFANTRY/BEASTS/SWARM/FLY/MONSTER.
• After ending that move, that model is stable and no part of its base overhangs the outer edge of that surface.

Terrain and Movement

All sections of the dense terrain feature (A) are more than 2" in height, so the Monster model (B) cannot move through it and must move around it instead.

The Infantry models (C) can move through dense terrain features, such as the walls of this ruin.

1. This Infantry model can move vertically and end its move on the top surface of the terrain feature (D), as it is stable and no part of its base overhangs the outer edge of that surface.

2. This Vehicle model cannot move through the dense terrain feature (E), but It can move vertically to ascend and descend sections that are more than 2" in height (provided it does not end that move on top of such sections).

3. This INFANTRY model is not being moved over or through any terrain features. Its move through the terrain area shown is therefore unimpeded.

13.07 Terrain And Visibility

Terrain can affect visibility, depending on whether the Benefit of Cover, Hidden, Obscuring or Solid rules apply.

13.08 Benefit Of Cover

• That model has the INFANTRY/BEASTS/SWARM keyword and is within a terrain area.
• That model is not fully visible to the attacking model due to one or more intervening terrain features and/or one or more intervening obscuring terrain areas (13.10).

Benefit of Cover

When Unit E makes ranged attacks:

• Unit A is fully visible to every model in Unit E, so does not have the benefit of cover.

• Not all of the models in unit B are within a terrain area, so unit B does not have the benefit of cover.

• All of the models in unit C are within a terrain area, so unit C has the benefit of cover (-1 BS).

• Unit D is not fully visible to unit E due to an intervening obscuring terrain area, so unit D has the benefit of cover (-1 BS).

13.09 Hidden

• That model has the INFANTRY/BEASTS/SWARM keyword and is within a terrain area that contains one or more light/dense terrain features.
• That model’s unit did not make one or more ranged attacks during this turn or during the previous turn.

13.10 Obscuring

Terrain areas containing one or more light or dense terrain features are obscuring terrain areas. If every line of sight drawn between two models crosses one or more obscuring terrain areas (excluding obscuring terrain areas that one or both of those models are within), those two models are not visible to each other.

Hidden and Obscuring

• There is an obscuring terrain area between all models in units A and D, so none of them are visible to each other.

• All models in units B and C are within the terrain area and are Infantry, so are hidden. However, unit D’s models are within the 15" detection range of unit B’s models (but not unit C’s), so unit B’s models are visible to unit D’s. Unit D’s models are also visible to the models in units B and C, since they are not within a terrain area.

13.11 Solid

Dense terrain features have the Solid rule. Line of sight cannot be drawn across any enclosed gap in the surface of such a terrain feature that is 3" or less from ground level.

Designer’s Note: This rule ensures that models are not visible while sheltering in ground-level terrain, irrespective of small openings such as doors, windows or bullet holes, or because of small gaps between adjacent terrain features. 3" is the height of the first floor of many terrain features, but some missions may adjust the height at which this rule takes effect.

Solid

Units A and B are not visible to each other, because even though there is a window in this dense terrain feature, it has the Solid rule, so line of sight cannot be drawn through such enclosed gaps that are 3" or less from ground level.
Units A and C are visible to each other, because even though this dense terrain feature has the Solid rule, line of sight can be drawn normally through enclosed gaps that are more than 3" from ground level.

Objectives represent critical locations that both sides are attempting to secure, and many missions require your forces to take control of them to achieve victory. This section describes how to do so with your models.

14.01 Terrain Objectives

If a mission uses objectives, it will state where they are located on the battlefield. Typically, your mission will have a deployment map showing several points where objectives should be placed. The location of each point should coincide with a terrain area (13.01); that terrain area is the objective, and is called a terrain objective.

When measuring distances to and from an objective, measure to and from the closest part of it.

14.02 Level Of Control

• The player who has the highest level of control over that objective controls that objective.
• If both players have the same level of control over that objective, unless that objective is secured (14.03), that objective is not controlled by either player.

14.03 Secured Objectives

Some rules allow an objective to be secured by a player’s army. When an objective is secured by a player’s army, that objective remains under their control – even once they no longer have any units within range of it – until their opponent’s level of control over that objective is greater than theirs at the end of a phase.

Controlling a Terrain Objective

Vehicle A has an OC characteristic of 3, and it is within the terrain area.

Vehicle B has an OC characteristic of 2, and it is wholly within the terrain area.

The models in unit C each have an OC characteristic of 1. Six of its models are within the terrain area.

Unit D is currently battle-shocked, so the OC characteristic of all of its models is ‘-’.

Both players add together the OC characteristics of all their models that are within the terrain area. The BLUE player’s level of control is 5, and the RED player’s level of control is 6. The RED player therefore controls the objective.

Stratagems can be used by spending Command Points, to create epic moments of tactical brilliance or peerless martial might. They are used when a player deems that a critical point in the battle is reached, where extra combat prowess or fleeting but powerful effects are required to tip the balance in their favour.

15.01 Using Stratagems

• How many CP it costs to use.
• WHEN: When it can be used.
• TARGET: Which units it can target.
• EFFECT: What the effects of using that stratagem are.
• RESTRICTIONS: Any additional restrictions that apply.

• Each player cannot use the same stratagem more than once in the same phase.
• Unless otherwise stated, each player cannot target the same unit with more than one stratagem in the same phase.

15.02 Command Re-Roll

CP Cost: 1

Lore

A great commander can bend even the vagaries of fate and fortune to their will, the better to ensure victory.

When

• Advance roll
• Charge roll
• Damage roll
• Hazard roll
• Hit roll
• Save roll
• Wound roll
• A roll to determine the number of attacks generated with a weapon.

Target

That unit or model.

Effect

You re-roll that roll. If you are rolling more than one dice together, select one of those dice to re-roll (excluding charge rolls, which you must re-roll in full).

15.03 Epic Challenge

CP Cost: 1

Lore

The legends of the 41st millennium are replete with deadly duels between mighty champions.

When

Fight phase, just after a friendly CHARACTER unit is selected to fight.

Target

That CHARACTER unit.

Effect

Select one CHARACTER model in your unit. Until the end of the phase, that model’s melee weapons have the [PRECISION] ability.

15.04 Insane Bravery

CP Cost: 1

Lore

Indifferent to their own survival, these warriors hold their ground against seemingly impossible odds.

When

Battle‑shock step of your Command phase, just before you make a battle-shock roll for a friendly unit.

Target

That unit.

Effect

That battle-shock roll, is automatically successful

Restrictions

You cannot use this stratagem more than once per battle.

15.05 Crushing Impact

CP Cost: 1

Lore

In extremis, armoured vehicles and rampaging monsters can use their sheer size as a weapon, ramming and crushing enemies beneath their colossal bulk, though doing so risks sustaining damage in return.

When

Your Charge phase, just after a friendly MONSTER/VEHICLE unit ends a charge move.

Target

That MONSTER/VEHICLE unit

Effect

Resolve the following sequence:

1. Select one enemy unit engaged with your unit.

2. Select one model in your unit engaged with that enemy unit.

3. Roll a number of D6 equal to the T characteristic of that model: for each 1, your unit suffers 1 mortal wound; for each 5+, that enemy unit suffers 1 mortal wound (to a maximum of 6 mortal wounds per unit)

15.06 Explosives

CP Cost: 1

Lore

Priming grenades or other explosives, these warriors draw back and hurl death into the enemy’s midst.

When

Your Shooting phase.

Target

One friendly unengaged EXPLOSIVES/GRENADES unit that is eligible to shoot and did not make an advance move this turn.

Effect

Resolve the following sequence:
1. Select one EXPLOSIVES/GRENADES model in your unit.
2. Select one unengaged enemy unit within 8" of and visible to that model.
3. Roll six D6: for each 4+, that enemy unit suffers 1 mortal wound (06.02).

15.07 Rapid Ingress

CP Cost: 1

Lore

Be it cunning strategy, potent technology or supernatural ritual, there are many means by which a commander may hasten their warriors’ onset.

When

End of your opponent’s Movement phase.

Target

One friendly unit that is in strategic reserves (excluding AIRCRAFT).

Effect

Your unit makes an ingress move (20.04).

Restrictions

You cannot use this stratagem during the first battle round.

15.08 Fire Overwatch

CP Cost: 1

Lore

A hail of fire can drive back advancing foes.

When

End of your opponent’s Movement phase.

Target

One friendly unengaged unit (excluding TITANIC units).

Effect

Your unit shoots using snap shooting (15.09).

15.09 Snap Shooting

Eligible If

As stated in the rule allowing this shooting type.

Effect

Your unit shoots as described in Making Attacks (04).

While Shooting

• You can only target one visible enemy unit within 24" of your unit (and only if it is an eligible target).
• Each attack only hits on an unmodified hit roll of 6 (irrespective of the attacking weapon’s BS characteristic or any modifiers). Those hits are not critical hits.
• You cannot re‑roll hit rolls.

After Shooting

Until the end of the phase, your unit is not eligible to start an action.

15.10 Smokescreen

CP Cost: 1

Lore

Even the most skilled marksmen struggle to hit targets veiled by billowing screens of smoke.

When

Start of your opponent’s Shooting phase.

Target

One friendly SMOKE unit.

Effect

Until the end of the phase, each time an attack targets either your SMOKE unit, or a unit that is not fully visible to the attacking model because of one or more models in your SMOKE unit, the target has the benefit of cover against that attack (13.08).

15.11 Heroic Intervention

CP Cost: 1

Lore

Voices raised in furious war cries, your warriors surge forth to meet the enemy’s onslaught head‑on.

When

End of your opponent’s Charge phase.

Target

One friendly unengaged unit within 12" of one or more enemy units. You can only select a VEHICLE unit if it is a CHARACTER/WALKER unit.

Effect

• Leap to Defend: When selecting charge targets, you can only select enemy units that made a charge move this phase and are within the maximum distance.

Secondary Effect

• Into the Fray:
• When making the charge roll, if the result is greater than 6 (after modifiers), change it to 6.
• When selecting charge targets, you can select any enemy units that are within 6" of your unit and within the maximum distance.

15.12 Counteroffensive

CP Cost: 2

Lore

In close‑quarters combat, the slightest hesitation can leave an opening for a swift foe to exploit.

When

Fight step of your opponent’s Fight phase, just after an enemy unit has resolved its attacks.

Target

One friendly unit that is eligible to fight.

Effect

Until the end of the phase, your unit has the Fights First ability and it must be the next unit you select to fight (12.04).

Actions represent vital battlefield tasks your forces must carry out, from searching for missing archeotech to completing a blasphemous ritual.

16.01 Performing Actions

Some rules allow units to perform actions. Each action states:

■ STARTS: When it is started.
■ UNITS: Which friendly units can perform it.
■ USE LIMIT: How many times friendly units can start it.
■ COMPLETES: When it completes.
■ EFFECT: What the effects of completing it are.
■ Any additional restrictions that may apply.

STARTING AN ACTION

A unit is eligible to start an action unless one or more of the following apply to that unit:

■ It is not on the battlefield.
■ It is an AIRCRAFT/FORTIFICATION unit.
■ It is battle-shocked.
■ It has an OC characteristic of 0 or ‘-’.
■ It is engaged (unless it is a TITANIC unit).
■ It made an advance orfall-back move this turn.
■ It started another action this turn.

If a unit starts an action, until the end of the turn:

■ It is not eligible to shoot (excluding TITANIC units).
■ It is not eligible to declare a charge.

COMPLETING AN ACTION

If a unit performing an action makes a move (excluding pile-in and consolidation moves) or leaves the battlefield, that unit does not complete that action. Otherwise, when an action is completed, its ‘Effect’ section is triggered.

Due to their imposing bulk and implacable nature, Monsters and Vehicles function differently on the battlefield. This section details the additional rules required to use these units in your games.

17.01 Moving Monsters And Vehicles

Each time you make a normal or advance move with a unit, MONSTER/VEHICLE models in that unit can be moved through friendly and enemy models (excluding other MONSTER/VEHICLE models).

17.02 Frame

Some models do not have a base; many of these are MONSTER/VEHICLE models. Such models have the FRAME keyword, as do some other large models. Whenever a rule refers to a model’s position in relation to anything else on the battlefield (e.g. when measuring distances), if that model has the FRAME keyword, unless otherwise stated, measure to and from the closest point on that model (so not necessarily from its base, if it has one).

When rotating a FRAME model as part of a move, if that model does not have a base, turn it any amount around its central axis, while keeping it upright.

17.03 Shooting At Engaged Monsters And Vehicles

In your Shooting phase, enemy MONSTER/VEHICLE units that are engaged can be selected as targets of ranged attacks (excluding attacks made with [BLAST] weapons).

Each time a model makes a ranged attack that targets such a unit, subtract 1 from the hit roll (excluding attacks made with [CLOSE‑QUARTERS] weapons by models in a unit engaged with the target).

Engaged Monsters/Vehicles – Shooting

The Vehicle can shoot at Infantry unit A using close-quarters shooting. While resolving those attacks, subtract 1 from hit rolls (excluding attacks made with [Close‑quarters] weapons).

Infantry unit A can shoot at the Vehicle using normal shooting. While resolving those attacks, subtract 1 from hit rolls. As the Vehicle is engaged, [Blast] weapons cannot target it, but can target other unengaged units.

The Vehicle can shoot at Infantry unit B using close-quarters shooting. While resolving those attacks, subtract 1 from hit rolls. As the INFANTRY unit is engaged, [Blast] weapons cannot target it, but can target other unengaged units.

Infantry unit B is engaged, but can shoot at the VEHICLE using close-quarters shooting. While doing so, it can only make attacks with its [CLOSE-QUARTERS] weapons and can only target the VEHICLE it is engaged with.

TRANSPORT models can carry passengers across the battlefield. This section explains how to use such models in your battles, and how units can embark within and disembark from them.

18.01 Transport Capacity

TRANSPORT models have a transport capacity listed on their datasheet. This determines the type and maximum number of friendly models that are eligible to embark within them. More than one unit can be embarked within the same TRANSPORT model at the same time, provided it has sufficient transport capacity.

Before the battle, in the Declare Battle Formations step, your units can start embarked within any friendly TRANSPORT model that has sufficient transport capacity remaining for the whole unit.

A friendly unit must be embarked within each friendly DEDICATED TRANSPORT model. At the end of this step, each friendly DEDICATED TRANSPORT model without an embarked unit is destroyed, but they do not trigger rules that are triggered when a model is destroyed.

18.02 Embarking

• Each model in that unit is within 3" of that TRANSPORT.
• That unit was not set up on the battlefield this turn.
• That unit is eligible to embark within that TRANSPORT, as described on that TRANSPORT’s datasheet.
• That TRANSPORT has sufficient remaining transport capacity for each model in that unit.

18.03 Disembarking

In the active player’s Movement phase, each friendly unit embarked within a TRANSPORT model can disembark from it by making a disembark move (18.04).
If a TRANSPORT model is destroyed, before removing it from the battlefield, the active player must make an emergency disembark move (18.05) with each unit embarked within it.

18.04 Disembark Move

Setup Distance

- Rapid/Tactical Disembark: 3"
- Combat Disembark: 6"

Eligible If

• Embarked within a TRANSPORT model that is on the battlefield.
• Did not embark within that TRANSPORT this phase.
• That TRANSPORT has not made an advance or fall-back move this phase.

Effect

Your unit is set up as described in Set Up (03.02)

Before Moving

• Rapid Disembark: If that TRANSPORT made a normal or ingress move this phase, you must select this mode.
• Tactical Disembark: Otherwise, If that TRANSPORT remained stationary or has not yet been selected to move this phase, and if you can set up your unit as described below, you must select this mode.
• Combat Disembark:Otherwise, you must select this mode. Make a hazard roll for each model in your unit.

While Moving

• Rapid Disembark: If that TRANSPORT made an ingress move this turn, each model must follow the same rules that TRANSPORT had to follow while resolving that move.
• Combat Disembark: Each model can be set up engaged with one or more enemy units that TRANSPORT is engaged with.

After Moving

• Rapid Disembark: Until the end of the turn, your unit is not eligible to declare a charge.
• Tactical Disembark: Select your unit to make a normal or advance move.
• Combat Disembark: Your unit is battle-shocked and, until the end of the turn, it is not eligible to declare a charge.

18.04.01 Rapid Disembark And Limitations

When a unit uses the rapid disembark mode after its TRANSPORT makes an ingress move, the models must follow the same rules and restrictions as that TRANSPORT did. For example, if that TRANSPORT had to be set up more than 8" from all enemy units and not within your opponent’s deployment zone, the same applies to the disembarking unit.

18.05 Emergency Disembark Move

Maximum Distance

SET-UP DISTANCE: 6"

Eligible If

Your unit is embarked within a TRANSPORT model that was just destroyed.

Effect

Your unit is set up as described in Set Up (03.02)

Before Moving

Make a hazard roll for each model in your unit (06.03)

While Moving

• Wholly within the set-up distance of that TRANSPORT, and as close as possible to that TRANSPORT.
• Or: If the above is not possible while remaining unengaged, set up that model wholly within the set-up distance of that TRANSPORT, as close as possible to that TRANSPORT, and engaged.

After Moving

Your unit is battle-shocked and, until the end of the turn, it is not eligible to declare a charge.

18.06 Assault Disembark Move

Setup Distance

3"

Eligible If

• Embarked within a TRANSPORT model that is on the battlefield.
• Did not embark within that TRANSPORT this phase.
• That TRANSPORT has not made an advance/fall‑back move this phase.

Effect

Your unit is set up as described in Set Up (Core Rules, 03.02).

While Moving

Set up each model in your unit wholly within the set‑up distance of that TRANSPORT.

18.07 Shock Disembark Move

Setup Distance

3"

Eligible If

• Embarked within a TRANSPORT model that is on the battlefield.
• Did not embark within that TRANSPORT this phase.

Effect

Your unit is set up as described in Set Up (Core Rules, 03.02).

While Moving

Set up each model in your unit wholly within the set‑up distance of that TRANSPORT.

After Moving

Your unit is not eligible to declare a charge until the end of the turn.

The heroes of your army rarely fight alone. Instead, they typically lead bands of warriors, forming an attached unit that acts as a single entity. This section explains how to form attached units and how they function on the battlefield.

19.01 Forming Attached Units

Some units have the Leader or Support ability listed on their datasheet (24.22 & 24.34). Such units are known as leader units and support units respectively. Both of these abilities allow such units to lead other friendly units (known as bodyguard units) to form attached units. An attached unit is a single unit for all rules purposes. Leader and support units can only lead specific bodyguard units, as listed in the Warhammer 40,000 app

19.02 Attacking Attached Units

Each time an attack targets an attached unit, if that unit contains one or more bodyguard models, use the highest T characteristic of the bodyguard models in that unit while resolving that attack, even if a leader/support unit in that attached unit has a different T characteristic. If that unit only contains leader/support models, use the highest T characteristic of those models while resolving that attack instead.

Rules that are triggered when a unit is destroyed are only triggered when the last model that started the battle in an attached unit is destroyed.

19.03 Keywords In Attached Units

An attached unit has all of the keywords of all of its component units. As such, an attached unit is affected by any rule that applies to units with any of those keywords. Note that models in an attached unit do not gain the keywords of other models in that unit that they do not already have. Remember that attacks target units, not models.

Example: An attached unit contains a leader model with the PSYKER keyword. While that model is part of that unit, that unit has the PSYKER keyword, even if the bodyguard models do not have that keyword. If that unit is attacked by a weapon with the [ANTI‑PSYKER 4+] ability, any unmodified wound roll of 4+ made against that unit is a critical wound, even if the attack itself is not allocated to that leader model.

19.04 Abilities In Attached Units

Strategic reserves are units that arrive on the battlefield at different times, either because they were held back during deployment, or because they are using special abilities to reposition themselves.

20.01 Placing Units In Strategic Reserves

Before the battle, in the Declare Battle Formations step, you can select one or more friendly units (excluding FORTIFICATIONS) to place in strategic reserves. Instead of setting up these units on the battlefield during deployment, place them to one side; they are strategic reserves units, and will arrive later in the battle.

Unless otherwise stated, the combined points value of all of your strategic reserves units (including those embarked within TRANSPORTS that are themselves placed in strategic reserves) cannot exceed 50% of your points limit for your battle size.

20.02 Repositioned Units

• If used in the Movement phase, such rules can be used on units that have already moved that phase.
• A repositioned unit that is set up in the same turn in which it made an advance, fall-back or disembark move has still made an advance, fall-back or disembark move that turn.
• When they are removed from the battlefield, any rules that are affecting such units for a specified duration or under specified circumstances continue to affect them while that duration and/or those circumstances apply.

20.03 Arriving From Strategic Reserves

• Units embarked within TRANSPORTS that have made an ingress move during the battle.
• Repositioned units (20.02).

20.04 Ingress Move

Setup Distance

6"

Eligible If

Your unit is in strategic reserves (excluding units that are embarked within TRANSPORTS that are themselves in strategic reserves)

Effect

Your unit is set up as described in Set Up (03.02)

While Moving

• Before the Third Battle Round: While doing so, no models can be set up within your opponent’s deployment zone.

After Moving

Unless otherwise stated, until the start of the next Charge phase, your unit is not eligible to make any other type of move.

This section supplements the basic rules for moving models, explaining how some units can fly over obstacles or surge closer to the enemy.

21.01 Surge Moves

Some rules allow a unit to make a surge move (21.02).

Making a Surge Move

• Unit A shoots, and destroys two models from unit B.
• Unit B has an ability that allows it to make a surge move of D6" after an enemy unit has shot, if one or more of its models were destroyed by those attacks. The active player rolls one D6, resulting in a 4.
• Unit B makes a surge move, each of its surviving models moving up to 4" towards the closest enemy unit (unit C). It ends this move engaged with that unit.

21.02 Surge Move

Maximum Distance

As stated in the rule allowing this move type.

Eligible If

• The rule allowing this move type has been triggered.
• Your unit is not battle-shocked.
• Your unit is unengaged.
• Your unit has not moved this phase.

Effect

Your unit moves as described in Moving (03).

Before Moving

Select the closest enemy unit to be the surge target.

While Moving

• Each model must end its move engaged with the surge target if possible.
• Each model that cannot end its move engaged with the surge target must end its move as close as possible to the surge target.

After Moving

• Your unit cannot be engaged with one or more enemy units that were not the surge target.
• Your unit cannot move again this phase.

21.03 Flying Models

• Subtract 2" from the maximum distance.
• Each time a FLYING model moves:
• Ignore all vertical distance for the purposes of how far it has moved.
• It can move through all types of model (including enemy models and MONSTER/VEHICLE models).
• It can move horizontally and vertically through all categories of terrain feature.

Taking to the Skies

• This Riptide Battlesuit can Fly. It makes an advance move with a maximum distance of 16".

• Before moving the unit, the active player declares that it will take to the skies. That move’s maximum distance is reduced to 14", but while making that move, the Riptide Battlesuit can move through all enemy units (including Vehicles) and all terrain features, ignoring any vertical distance that would normally be counted to ascend and descend terrain features.

In addition to the core abilities presented elsewhere, many units have access to other rules and types of abilities that function as described below.

22.01 Aura Abilities

Abilities that affect models or units within a stated range are aura abilities, and are tagged with the word ‘Aura’.

While a model with an aura ability is on the battlefield, it is always within range of its own aura ability.

A unit can be affected by more than one aura ability at a time, but if a unit is within range of the same aura ability more than once, that aura ability only applies to that unit once.

22.02 Faction Abilities

Some abilities are common to each unit that belongs to a particular faction – these are faction abilities (also known as army rules), and are listed in the Faction Abilities section of a datasheet.

Unless otherwise stated, a unit’s faction abilities only apply if the army faction you selected while mustering your army matches a faction keyword listed on that unit’s datasheet.

22.03 Psychic Abilities

Abilities tagged with the word ‘Psychic’ are psychic abilities. If a psychic ability causes a model to lose one or more wounds, each of those wounds is said to be inflicted by a psychic attack (this can be important for the triggering of other rules).

22.04 Wargear Abilities

Abilities that are gained when a unit (or one of its models) has a particular item of wargear are wargear abilities, and are listed in the Wargear Abilities section of a datasheet.

If a unit has an item of wargear that has a wargear ability, that ability applies to that unit. If a model within a unit has an item of wargear that has a wargear ability, that model is the ‘bearer’ of that item of wargear and that ability applies until that model is destroyed.

22.05 Plunging Fire

• The attacking model is on a section of a terrain feature that is 3" or more in height.
• The attacking model has the TOWERING keyword and the target unit is within 12".

Plunging Fire

All the attacking models in unit A are on a section of terrain feature that is 3" or more in height, and the target unit contains models on ground level, so Plunging Fire improves the BS characteristic of those attacks by 1.

Attacking model B is on ground level, but has the Towering keyword. The target unit is within 12" and contains models on ground level, so Plunging Fire improves the BS characteristic of those attacks by 1.

AIRCRAFT fulfil a unique but limited role on Warhammer 40,000 battlefields. Hurtling through the skies while they duel one another, strafe ground forces or perform bombing runs, they are constantly on the move.

23.01 Aircraft Deployment

• In the Declare Battle Formations step, all AIRCRAFT units must be placed in strategic reserves (20.01).

23.02 Aircraft Movement

• AIRCRAFT units are only eligible to make an ingress move (20.04); they are not eligible to make any other type of move.
• At the end of your opponent’s turn, all AIRCRAFT units in your army that are on the battlefield must be placed in strategic reserves.
• Each time a unit makes any type of move, its models can be moved through AIRCRAFT models.
• Each time a unit makes a pile-in, consolidation or surge move, unless that unit can FLY, while making that move, ignore AIRCRAFT units for the purposes of selecting enemy units and determining the closest enemy unit.
• Being engaged solely with one or more AIRCRAFT units does not prevent a unit from being eligible to make a normal or advance move.

23.03 Shooting With Or At Aircraft

• The Plunging Fire rule (22.05) has no effect on attacks made by, or targeting, AIRCRAFT units.

23.04 Aircraft Charging And Fighting

• AIRCRAFT units are not eligible to declare a charge, and can only make melee attacks that target FLYING units.
• Only FLYING units can select AIRCRAFT units as a charge target, and only FLYING models can make melee attacks that target AIRCRAFT units.

This section presents the most common abilities used in Warhammer 40,000. When these appear in other places, they are usually only referenced by name.

24.01 Abilities

Many units have core abilities listed on their datasheets, and weapon abilities listed in their weapon profiles.

Weapon abilities are presented in square brackets with bold formatting, e.g. [BLAST]. Weapons are often described using a particular ability they have, e.g. [BLAST] weapons are those with the [BLAST] ability.

If a weapon ability is followed by one or more keywords, when making attacks with that weapon, that ability only applies if the target unit has one or more of those keywords.

Example: The [LETHAL HITS: VEHICLE] ability only applies to attacks that target a VEHICLE unit. The [SUSTAINED HITS 1: INFANTRY/BEASTS] ability only applies to attacks that target an INFANTRY/BEASTS unit.

24.02 Duplicated Abilities

• Multiple instances of core abilities that include a number are duplicated even if that number varies. However, in the case of Scouts, you must select the lowest number not shared by every model in that unit (e.g. if every model in a unit has both Scouts 6" and Scouts 8", you could select Scouts 8" as it is shared by every model, but if a unit contains one model with Scouts 6" and five with Scouts 8", you must select Scouts 6").
• Multiple instances of weapon abilities that include a number (e.g. [SUSTAINED HITS 1]) are duplicated even if that number varies (e.g. the controlling player would have to select between [SUSTAINED HITS 1] and [SUSTAINED HITS 2]).
• Multiple instances of weapon abilities that include a keyword are duplicated even if that keyword varies (e.g. the controlling player would have to select between [ANTI‑VEHICLE 4+] and [ANTI‑INFANTRY 2+]).

24.03 [ANTI]

This ability always takes the form [ANTI‑X Y+]. Each time an attack is made with an [ANTI] weapon, if the target unit has the keyword denoted by X, an unmodified wound roll of Y+ is a critical wound.
Example: An attack made with an [ANTI‑VEHICLE 4+] weapon against a VEHICLE unit will result in a critical wound on an unmodified wound roll of 4+, while an attack made with an [ANTI‑PSYKER 2+] weapon against a PSYKER unit will result in a critical wound on an unmodified wound roll of 2+.

24.04 [ASSAULT]

Units containing one or more models with an [ASSAULT] weapon can shoot using assault shooting (10.05).

24.05 [BLAST]

Each time you gather attack dice for a [BLAST] weapon, add one additional attack dice for every five models that were in the target unit in the Select Targets step (rounding down).

If this ability takes the form [BLAST X], each time you gather attack dice for such a weapon, add X additional attack dice for every five models that were in the target unit in the Select Targets step (rounding down) instead.

Example: If a [BLAST 2] weapon with an A characteristic of 3 targets a unit containing 12 models, you would gather four additional attack dice for that weapon (for a total of seven for that weapon).

24.06 [CLEAVE]

This ability always takes the form [CLEAVE X]. Each time you gather attack dice for a [CLEAVE] weapon, if you only selected one target for all of that weapon’s attacks, add X additional attack dice for every five models that were in the target unit in the Select Targets step (rounding down).

Example: If a [CLEAVE 1] weapon with an A characteristic of 3 targets one unit containing 16 models, you would gather three additional attack dice for that weapon (for a total of six for that weapon).

24.07 [CLOSE-QUARTERS]

• One or more of its [CLOSE‑QUARTERS] weapons.
• One or more of its other ranged weapons.

24.08 Deadly Demise

This ability always takes the form Deadly Demise X. Each time a model with this ability is destroyed, after the units embarked within it (if any) have made their emergency disembark moves, roll one D6. On a 6, that model suffers a deadly demise; each unit within 6" of that model suffers a number of mortal wounds denoted by X (if this is a random number, roll separately for each unit within 6").

24.09 Deep Strike

Each time this unit makes an ingress move (20.04), if every model in this unit has this ability, it can be set up anywhere on the battlefield that is more than 8" horizontally from all enemy units, even if that is within your opponent’s deployment zone.

24.10 [DEVASTATING WOUNDS]

Each time an attack made with a [DEVASTATING WOUNDS] weapon results in a critical wound, the attack sequence for that attack ends and the target unit suffers a number of mortal wounds equal to the D characteristic of that weapon. These are inflicted after resolving any normal damage inflicted by those attacks.

Mortal wounds inflicted by [DEVASTATING WOUNDS] weapons can damage a maximum of one model for each critical wound; any remaining mortal wounds inflicted by that attack are lost.

Example: An attack made with a [DEVASTATING WOUNDS] weapon with a D characteristic of 3 results in a critical wound against an Intercessor Squad, so inflicts 3 mortal wounds. The first 2 mortal wounds are sufficient to destroy 1 Intercessor model, so the remaining mortal wound is lost.

24.11 [EXTRA ATTACKS]

• All of that model’s [EXTRA ATTACKS] weapons.
• One of that model’s other melee weapons, if possible.

24.12 Feel No Pain

This ability always takes the form Feel No Pain X+. Each time a model with this ability would lose a wound, roll one D6: on an X+, that wound is not lost.

24.13 Fights First

While every model in a unit has this ability, that unit is a Fights First unit.

See the Resolve Fights First Combats step in the Fight phase (12.04).

24.14 Firing Deck

This ability always takes the form Firing Deck X. In your Shooting phase, each time this TRANSPORT is selected to shoot, if one or more units are embarked within it, resolve the following sequence:

1. Select up to X models embarked within this TRANSPORT (excluding models whose units have already been selected to shoot this phase).

2. For each selected model, select one of its ranged weapons (excluding [ONE SHOT] weapons).

3. Until this TRANSPORT has resolved all of its attacks, it has all of those selected weapons in addition to its other weapons.

4. Until the end of the turn, units embarked within this TRANSPORT are not eligible to shoot.

24.15 [HAZARDOUS]

Each time a unit is selected to shoot or selected to fight, after that unit has resolved all of its attacks, make a number of hazard rolls (06.03) for that unit equal to the number of [HAZARDOUS] weapons you selected in the Select Weapons step.

24.16 [HEAVY]

• That unit is unengaged.
• That unit was not set up on the battlefield this turn.
• No model in that unit has moved moret han 3" this turn.

24.17 Hover

Each time this unit takes to the skies (21.03), do not subtract 2" from the maximum distance.

24.18 [IGNORES COVER]

Each time an attack is made with an [IGNORES COVER] weapon, the target cannot have the benefit of cover against that attack (13.08), including from rules that give a model or unit the benefit of cover (e.g. Stealth).

24.19 [INDIRECT FIRE]

Units containing one or more models with an [INDIRECT FIRE] weapon can shoot using indirect shooting (10.07).

24.20 Infiltrators

During deployment, if every model in a unit has this ability, it can be set up anywhere on the battlefield that is more than 8" horizontally from your opponent’s deployment zone and all enemy units.

24.21 [LANCE]

Each time an attack is made with a [LANCE] weapon, if the attacking model’s unit made a charge move this turn, add 1 to the wound roll.

24.22 Leader

Before the battle, in the Muster Armies step, for each leader and support unit in your army, you can select one friendly bodyguard unit that unit can lead. That unit will then lead that bodyguard unit for the battle and form an attached unit with it.

Unless otherwise stated, each bodyguard unit can only have one leader unit and one support unit attached to it.

See Attached Units (19)

24.23 [LETHAL HITS]

Each time an attack made with a [LETHAL HITS] weapon results in a critical hit, you can choose for that attack to automatically wound the target.

Designer’s Note: Choosing to automatically wound the target means that no wound roll is made for that attack. You may decide against this, as it means that attack cannot result in a critical wound and so cannot trigger other abilities such as [DEVASTATING WOUNDS].

24.24 Lone Operative

Unless part of an attached unit, this unit is not visible to enemy models unless they are within 12" of this unit, and it cannot be targeted by [INDIRECT FIRE] weapons unless the attacking model is within 12" of this unit.

If this ability takes the form Lone Operative X", unless part of an attached unit, this unit is not visible to enemy models unless they are within X" of this unit, and it cannot be targeted by [INDIRECT FIRE] weapons unless the attacking model is within X" of this unit.

24.25 [MELTA]

This ability always takes the form [MELTA X]. Each time a model makes an attack with a [MELTA] weapon, if the target unit was within half range of that weapon in the Select Targets step, until the attacking unit’s attacks have been resolved, add X to that weapon’s D characteristic.

Example: A model targets a unit that is within half range of a [MELTA 2] weapon with a D characteristic of D6. While resolving those attacks, that weapon has a D characteristic of D6+2

24.26 [ONE SHOT]

Each weapon with this ability can only be selected to make attacks with once per battle.

If a destroyed model is returned to a unit, all of its [ONE SHOT] weapons that have already been selected to make attacks with during the battle cannot be selected to make attacks with again.

If a new unit is added to an army, all [ONE SHOT] weapons in that unit can be selected to make attacks with once per battle.

24.27 [PISTOL]

[PISTOL] and [CLOSE‑QUARTERS] are identical for all rules purposes. See [CLOSE‑QUARTERS].

Designer’s Note: [PISTOL] is a pre-existing ability that will be superseded by [CLOSE-QUARTERS] as this edition of Warhammer 40,000 progresses. Both are functionally the same, but the latter is a more suitable term for weapons that function in this way.

24.28 [PRECISION]

While resolving attacks made with one or more [PRECISION] weapons, at the start of the Allocation Order step (05.03), if the target unit contains one or more CHARACTER models visible to one or more of the attacking models, the active player can select one allocation group that contains one of those visible CHARACTER models. If they do, until those attacks are resolved, or until that CHARACTER group is destroyed (whichever happens first), that CHARACTER group is the current allocation group.

24.29 [PSYCHIC]

Each time an attack is made with a [PSYCHIC] weapon, you can ignore any or all modifiers to that attack’s BS or WS characteristic and any or all modifiers to the hit roll. Attacks made with [PSYCHIC] weapons are known as psychic attacks (this can be important for the triggering of other rules).

24.30 [RAPID FIRE]

This ability always takes the form [RAPID FIRE X]. Each time you gather attack dice for a [RAPID FIRE] weapon, add X additional attack dice if the target unit was within half range of that weapon in the Select Targets step.

Example: If a [RAPID FIRE 1] weapon with an A characteristic of 1 targets a unit that is within half range, you would gather one additional attack dice for that weapon (for a total of two for that weapon).

24.31 Scouts

• If that unit is in strategic reserves, you can set up that unit anywhere that is wholly within your deployment zone.
• If that unit is wholly within your deployment zone, it can make a scout move (24.32).
• If that unit is embarked within a DEDICATED TRANSPORT that is wholly within your deployment zone, and if every model embarked within that DEDICATED TRANSPORT has the Scouts ability, that DEDICATED TRANSPORT can make a scout move.

24.32 Scout Move

Maximum Distance

The X" in Scouts X"

Eligible If

It is the Resolve Pre-battle Abilities step, and your unit is wholly within your deployment zone.

Effect

Your unit moves as described in Moving (03).

After Moving

Your unit must be more than 8" horizontally from all enemy units.

24.33 Stealth

If every model in a unit has this ability, each time a ranged attack targets that unit, that unit has the benefit of cover against that attack (13.08).

24.34 Support

Before the battle, in the Muster Armies step, for each leader and support unit in your army, you can select one friendly bodyguard unit that unit can lead. That unit will then lead that bodyguard unit for the battle and form an attached unit with it.

Unless otherwise stated, each bodyguard unit can only have one leader unit and one support unit attached to it.

See Attached Units (19).

24.35 Super-Heavy Walker

• Models in that unit can move through models (including MONSTER/VEHICLE models, but excluding TITANIC models) and can move horizontally through sections of terrain features that are 4" or less in height.
• Before moving that unit, you can select for all models in that unit to have the MOBILE keyword until that move ends. If you do, when that move ends, roll one D6: on a 1, that unit is battle-shocked.

24.36 [SUSTAINED HITS]

This ability always takes the form [SUSTAINED HITS X]. Each time an attack made with a [SUSTAINED HITS] weapon results in a critical hit, that attack results in a number of additional hits on the target as denoted by X.

Example: An attack made with a [SUSTAINED HITS 2] weapon results in a critical hit. That attack therefore hits the target three times (once from the critical hit, and twice more from the [SUSTAINED HITS 2] ability).

24.37 [TORRENT]

Each time an attack is made with a [TORRENT] weapon, that attack automatically hits the target.

24.38 [TWIN-LINKED]

Each time an attack is made with a [TWIN‑LINKED] weapon, you can re‑roll the wound roll.

24.39 Damaged

• While a model is damaged, that model's attacks have -1 to hit rolls.

The following rules tell you how to create an army list out of models and units from your Warhammer 40,000 collection.

25.01 Start Your Army Roster

The details of your army must be recorded on an army roster. You can either write this down or use the Warhammer 40,000 app. Players should show their finished army roster to their opponent before battle commences.

25.02 Select Army Faction

Note on your army roster one faction keyword to be your army faction.

25.03 Select Battle Size

25.04 Fill Your Army Roster

• You cannot exceed any of the values presented in the Select Battle Size table (25.03). For example, in an Incursion battle, you cannot select detachments with a combined value of more than 2 DP.
• No unit (including attached units) can have more than one enhancement.
• Your army roster must follow all restrictions placed on it by the rules and units being included in it.

• Only CHARACTER units can be given enhancements. If such a unit contains more than one model, select one CHARACTER model in that unit to have that enhancement.
• EPIC HEROES models cannot be given enhancements.
• Your army cannot include more than one of the same enhancement.

• These can be given to non-Character units.
• You can include up to three of the same Upgrade in your army (the second and third instances of the same Upgrade do not count towards the total number of enhancements in your army, but you must still spend the stated points cost each time).

Move Types for Disembarking Units

■ If a rule allows a unit to be eligible to declare a charge after disembarking from a TRANSPORT model that made a normal move that turn, that unit makes an assault disembark move (18.06) for that disembarkation (instead of a disembark move).

■ If a rule allows a unit to disembark from a TRANSPORT model that made an advance move that turn, that unit makes a shock disembark move (18.07) for that disembarkation (instead of a disembark move).